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Jumat, 11 Januari 2013

Drifting Culture Interaction in Japan, Australia, and United States

Culture Interaction Task from Mr.Hawasi History of Drifting Drifting as a driving technique is documented as early as the 1930s as being used by drivers of the Grand Prix cars of the day. At least one piece of extant period footage used to promote the sale of a rare Auto Union D-Type racer clearly depicts the driver throwing his vehicle into a controlled drift to navigate a bend in the road racing track. Drifting first came to fruition as a technique used by rally racers. When rally racing, participants would drift, or slide, around corners throughout a variety of road conditions: dirt, mud, and snow. Drifting around the corners allowed the racers to maintain a high speed, instead of slowing down to take the turn. This technique was picked up by 'touge' drivers, who used the method when maneuvering around a series of turns in the mountains of Japan. The drivers would have informal challenges, which led to flashier and more skilled drifting, with competitors each developing their own unique style. As the sport gained momentum, challenges were held not only in the mountains, but also in the streets of Japan. The openness of the challenges in the streets allowed for more spectators, which caused a sharp rise in popularity of the sport. An internet rumor states that the sport was brought to national attention when Keiichi Tsuchiya, now known as the Drift King, was a competitor in a speed race (not a drifting competition) and was dead last. He decided to swing the car around the corners, which shocked and amazed the crowds. Later, when asked for a comment, Tsuchiya noted that he was drifting. Today, the sport has evolved into a worldwide obsession. Japanese drifters are considered to be the most skilled with the newest techniques. Drifters still compete against each other in the mountains and on the streets, but because of the popularity of the sport, 'circuits' have opened. Circuits contain a closed course and judges, where contestants are judged on a specific group of turns. Circuits allow anyone to compete, but they are usually only open once a week, on Saturday or Sunday. Drifting Culture & Fan Base In Japan, drift champions are as popular and recognized as celebrities are in the US. In fact, drifting has become so popular in Japan that the government has taken steps to prevent the more dangerous areas of drifting. On the most popular mountain pass, Mt. Haruna, large speed bumps have been placed at the entrance and exit corners of most sequential turns. Plastic poles are also placed in the middle of lanes on both the mountain roads and busy streets, however, these poles are frequently removed by the drifters. According to research done by Formula D, the following are findings about drifting enthusiasts: * Drifting fans are usually males between the ages of 16-29 years old. * Most fans have either attended or graduated from college. * Online use is very important to drifters. They spend between 8 and 30 hours a week online. * Almost all drifting fans are gamers. * Most drift enthusiasts buy their car parts online or at specialty/tuner shops. Chain stores are not the primary resource for a drifter. * Although some fans of drifting are drifters themselves, most just enjoy watching the sport. * Most fans own their own car, with the most popular makes being Nissan, Toyota and Honda. Other research shows that fans of drifting, who want to learn how to drift, either watch video of drifting techniques or play drifting video games to help enhance their ability. As with all popular sub-cultures, drifting has a group of people who pretend to be actual drifters. These people usually just make cosmetic changes to their cars, rather than modifications that would improve performance. Real drifters term these posers as 'ricers.' A popular definition of a ricer is: A moron who takes a car (foreign or domestic) and tries to make it look fast. The car will not gain any horsepower or performance, but it will gain numerous stickers and yellow paint. It can be identified by one of the following: 1. The sound of a loud fart in a coffee can. 2. The yellow blob with a bookshelf on the trunk that is 1/4 mile behind real cars. 3. A Honda that has "performance mods" such as stickers, seat harnesses, and a fire extinguisher in full view (just in case the thing catches on fire when it hits 40 mph). 4. A driver who claims his car has 100hp per liter but will not fess up to the fact that his car has a total of 43 ft/lbs of torque. In reality, drifters are more concerned with the modifications inside of their car, and will make cosmetic changes (usually different colors with graphics) only after they've made performance changes. A popular film series for drifting enthusiasts is the Initial D film series. These films are anime that feature drifting and a dramatic story line. Characters usually reoccur throughout each film. The Drift King, Keiichi Tsuchiya, helps with editorial supervision to ensure proper drift techniques. So me of the most popular video games for both drifting and racing enthusiasts include Need for Speed and Gran Tourismo. Drift Judging In drifting competitions, contestants are judged not on how quickly they finish a course, but on the racing line, angle, speed and showmanship. 1. Racing Line The judges set a line, and the contestants are judged on how well they follow that line. 2. Angle This is the angle of the car during the drift. The sharper the angle, the higher the score. The amount of countersteer on the front wheels is also judged. 3. Speed Contestants are judged on the speed entering the turn, throughout the turn, and exiting the turn. The faster it is, the higher the score. 4. lmpact This is based on multiple things, such as the amount of smoke and how close the car is to the wall. The intent of this category is to make the drift look as cool as possible. Drifting is a driving technique where the driver intentionally oversteers, causing loss of traction in the rear wheels, while maintaining control from entry to exit of a corner. A car is drifting when the rear slip angle is greater than the front slip angle, to such an extent that often the front wheels are pointing in the opposite direction to the turn (e.g. car is turning left, wheels are pointed right or vice versa). As a motorsport discipline, professional drifting competitions are held worldwide and are judged according to the speed, angle and line taken through a corner or set of corners. Japanese adaptation Modern drifting as a sport started out as a racing technique popular in the All Japan Touring Car Championship races. Motorcycling legend turned driver, Kunimitsu Takahasi, was the foremost creator of drifting techniques in the 1970s. He is noted for hitting the apex (the point where the car is closest to the inside of a turn) at high speed and then drifting through the corner, preserving a high exit speed. This earned him several championships and a legion of fans who enjoyed the spectacle of smoking tires. The bias ply racing tires of the 1960s-1980s lent themselves to driving styles with a high slip angle. As professional racers in Japan drove this way, so did the street racers. Keiichi Tsuchiya (known as the Dorikin/Drift King) became particularly interested by Takahashi's drift techniques. Tsuchiya began practicing his drifting skills on the mountain roads of Japan, and quickly gained a reputation amongst the racing crowd. In 1987, several popular car magazines and tuning garages agreed to produce a video of Tsuchiya's drifting skills. The video, known as Pluspy, became a hit and inspired many of the professional drifting drivers on the circuits today. In 1988, alongside Option magazine founder and chief editor Daijiro Inada, he would help to organize one of the first events specifically for drifting called the D1 Grand Prix. He also drifted every turn in Tsukuba Circuit in Japan. Western adoption One of the earliest recorded drift events outside Japan was in 1993, held at Willow Springs Raceway in Willow Springs, California hosted by the Japanese drifting magazine and organization Option. Inada, founder of the D1 Grand Prix in Japan, the NHRA Funny Car drag racer Kenji Okazaki and Keiichi Tsuchiya, who also gave demonstrations in a Nissan 180SX that the magazine brought over from Japan, judged the event with Rhys Millen and Bryan Norris being two of the entrants.Drifting has since exploded into a massively popular form of motorsport in North America, Australasia, and Europe. NORTH AMERICAN DRIFTING SCENE Background In Japan, the art of Drifting has been popular among the street racers or "hashiriya" for more than 15 years, and has morphed into one of the country's number one attended motorsports in less than a decade, where professional Japanese Drifters are the equivalent of national celebrities. To the novice, it would appear that drifting very recently crossed the Pacific Ocean and exploded into the world or racing not more than two years ago, but hard core enthusiasts know different. The American Drifting scene's roots can be traced back to the late 1980s and early 1990s. When drag racing was exploding across America, a small number of enthusiast's fascination was leaning toward an underground sport in Japan called canyon racing and drifting. Present Day Most of today's Formula DRIFT pros tell similar stories about following the Japanese car culture, and how they uncovered access to this underground world through the Internet and in small Japanese bookstores in Japanese neighborhoods, primarily in Southern California. It was here that enthusiasts pummeled through hundreds of car magazines and racing videos that featured modified cars that looked very different than what was in the U.S. - and has since become today's tuner scene. Magazine covers like Carboy, J's Tipo, Option, and Autoworks opened a window into Japanese racing movements including Drifting, VIP and Group A, which eventually evolved into Japan's number one grand prix circuit knows as JGTC or Super GT racing. American drivers learned that the type of car had a huge impact on performance when drifting, and went against the grain in what was a growing tuner "show car" scene -- which was all about painted vinyl interiors, Supra wings, "Powered by Honda" stickers and side marker lights. Early American drifters learned that older imports like the Nissan 240SX, Toyota Corolla, Mazda RX-7, Nissan 300Z and Toyota Supra were more desirable when modifying for function as well as form. Key in drifting was suspension tuning, good tires, and brake upgrades - a must have before any engine modifications. Sales of front engine/rear wheel drive (FR) import cars like the Nissan 240SX (S13, S14) and the Toyota Corolla skyrocketed among the underground import crowd craving the drifting scene. Engine and body modifications became secondary to good driving skills. Many American Drifters tell stories of watching hours of Japanese videos and reading countless pages about technique - and it was these hands-off lessons that became their driving school -- where they learned about speed and basic racing techniques like traditional grip-driving, braking in a straight line before the corner, accelerating out of the apex of the turn and honing the valuable drifting skill of heel-and-toe braking - which they would then fine tune in their cars in open parking lots and back roads. Soon, sanctioned SCCA autocross events opened its doors to drifting enthusiasts, which gave local drivers an opportunity to practice maneuvering through tight, technical turns. These events eventually led to drifter participation in road racing events with the SCCA, NASA and Speed Trial USA - ultimately an opportunity to better understand what it feels liketocontrol a car at high speeds in a safe environment. As the underground current gained momentum with the support of enthusiast websites including Club4AG, which promoted sanctioned drifting events including Speed Trial USA, this unusual new "sport" of drifting began to surface and peak the curiosity of mainstream racing enthusiasts and media alike. Early drifting exclusive events including Drift Session, DG Trials, and Drift Day events at local tracks were instrumental in the growth of the U.S. drift culture. Drift Association was formed in an effort to get novice drifting off the streets through formally staged exhibition and training events called "Drift Days" in local markets around the country. These events created a safe environment for enthusiasts to practice drifting in a controlled environment (usually a wide open parking lot), and offered tutorials by seasoned drifters like Taka Aono, Hiro Sumida, Kenji Sakai, Alex Pfeiffer, Andy Yen, Calvin Wan, Ken Gushi, and others. The results have introduced hundreds of novice drifters and car enthusiasts to the sport while allowing amateur drifters to refine and shape their drifting techniques and get accustomed to the equilibrium of a sideways moving car -- dramatically improving their drifting skills, and ultimately becoming the training grounds for many of today's professional U.S. drifters. Slipstream Global Marketing, a national marketing company, was instrumental in establishing America's pro drifting roots. June, 2003 was the official debut of Japanese drifting in the U.S. and producers Slipstream Global Marketing made it an open invitation for American drifters to be seen and potentially launch a professional drifting career. In partnership with Video Option, a Japanese motorsport video magazine, the first ever "Ikaten" or drift contest was hosted at Irwindale Speedway in California. Because this was an open call, drifters from California and around the world entered as this would be their first chance to be seen and recognized by the Japanese pros. While the American drifters were new to formal drift competition and the experienced skill level of their Japanese counterparts, the enthusiasm of the drivers, public and the media in general resonated. In June of 2003, Slipstream Global Marketing, put together a qualifying event with some of Japan's top professional drift series drivers in the judge's seats, including Keiichi Tsuchiya, Manabu Suzuki, Dai Inada, and Manabu Orido. In the end, 8 out of 40 drivers qualified for the new U.S. D-1 circuit including Calvin Wan, Ken Gushi, Bryan Norris, Hubert Young, Rich Rutherford, Ernie Fixmer, Sam Hubinette and Dai Yoshihara. At the end of August, 2003, Slipstream Global Marketing brought the first professional drifting exhibition competition outside of Japan to Irwindale Speedway to pit the eight qualified American drifters against top ranked Japanese drifters. The U.S. drivers lost to the Japanese drivers that day, but proved that they were to be taken seriously in this motorsport. However, more importantly, interest from sponsors, tracks and the public served to springboard the continuation of drifting in America. That November at the 2003 SEMA Show, Slipstream Global Marketing announced the launch of a sister company, Formula Drift, Inc., which would solely own, operate and launch the first official drifting series in North America called Formula DRIFT or Formula D. The inaugural four-event circuit kicked off in 2004 and would be sanctioned by SCCA Pro Racing, with strict SCCA marshals working track operations at each event; the level of professionalism was raised. Created as a North American drift series, drivers competed for top slots and sponsor dollars from around the globe. In April 2004, the first Formula DRIFT event was held at Road Atlanta. Most of the drivers were novice drifters by Japanese standards, but provided high-energy entertainment to the crowds as American "pro drifters." Some of the drivers also brought professional racing experience to the sport including Rhys Millen, Samuel Hubinette and Ryan Hampton, making the inaugural year a crowd pleaser, attracting a much younger and hipper audience than the Japanese drift series. In December of 2005, Formula DRIFT driver Vaughn Gittin, Jr. won the USA vs. Japan All Star event, becoming the first American to win an international competition and proving that the American drivers have raised the bar in North American drifting. Hollywood has taken notice as well and many of Formula DRIFT's top driver's like 2-time champion Samuel Hubinette, champion Rhys Millen, and 2-time champion Tanner Foust, were asked to be the official stunt drivers for the Universal Studios movie, "Fast and Furious: Tokyo Drift." In November of 2008, Formula DRIFT helped create the first ever drifting world championship. This event was the first of its kind and helped bring the sport of drifting recognition worldwide. 17 past and present drifting champions from the top drifting organizations in the world gathered to compete for the largest prize purse in drifting history. A special custom built drifting track was put together at a special location on the Port of Long Beach. Formula DRIFT’s Rhys Millen came out on top to win the inaugural Drifting World of the sport. Championship. Today drifting continues to grow and Formula DRIFT has become the premier North American Professional Drifting Championship Series. The 2010 season continues to move forward with 7 professional championship events scheduled and 1 Team Drift competition coinciding with the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach. The Formula DRIFT Asia Championship has been created and is the first Pan-Asia professional drifting championship. The Formula DRIFT Pro Am Affiliate Network was created to bridge together various regional level series, and grow awareness while searching for the next stars. Present day Drifting has evolved into a competitive sport where drivers compete mostly in rear-wheel-drive cars, to earn points from judges based on various factors. At the top levels of competition, the D1 Grand Prix in Japan pioneered the sport. Others such as Formula D in the United States, King of Europe and the British Drift Championships in Europe, Formula Drift Asia in the Malaysia/Singapore/Thailand/Indonesia and the NZ Drift Series in New Zealand have come along to further expand it into a legitimate motor sport worldwide. The drivers within these series were originally influenced by the pioneers from D1 Japan and are able to keep their cars sliding for extended periods of time, often linking several turns. Drift competition Drifting competitions are judged based on line, angle, speed and show factor, but most impotant, PROXIMITY! Line involves taking the correct line, which is usually announced beforehand by judges. The show factor is based on multiple things, such as the amount of smoke, how close the car is to the wall or designated clipping point, and the crowd's reaction. Angle is the angle of a car and more importantly the turned wheels in a drift, speed is the speed entering a turn, the speed through a turn, and the speed exiting the turn; faster is better Team Drift Competition in Melbourne. The judging takes place on just a small part of the circuit, a few linking corners that provide good viewing, and opportunities for drifting. The rest of the circuit is irrelevant, except as it pertains to controlling the temperature of the tires and setting the car up for the first judged corner. In the tandem passes, the lead driver often feints his or her entry to the first corner to upset the chase driver, however in some European series, this practice is frowned upon by judges and considered foul play, resulting in deduction of points. There are typically two sessions, a qualifying/practice session, and a final session. In the qualifying sessions, referred as Tansō (単走:solo run), drifters get individual passes in front of judges (who may or may not be the final judges) to try to make the final 16. This is often on the day preceding the final. The finals are tandem passes, referred as Tsuisō (追走:chasing race). Drivers are paired off, and each heat comprises two passes, with each driver taking a turn to lead. The best of the 8 heats go to the next 4, to the next 2, to the final. The passes are judged as explained above, however there are some provisos such as: Overtaking the lead car under drift conditions is ok if you don't interrupt the lead car's drift. Overtaking the lead car under grip conditions automatically forfeits that pass. Spinning forfeits that pass, unless the other driver also spins. Increasing the lead under drift conditions helps to win that pass. Maintaining a close gap while chasing under drift conditions helps to win that pass. Points are awarded for each pass, and usually one driver prevails. Sometimes the judges cannot agree, or cannot decide, or a crowd vocally disagrees with the judge's decision.[citation needed] In such cases more passes may be run until a winner is produced. Sometimes mechanical failure determines the battle's outcome, either during or preceding a heat. If a car cannot enter a tandem battle, the remaining entrant (who automatically advances) will give a solo demonstration pass. In the event of apparently close or tied runs, crowds often demonstrate their desire for another run with chants of 'one more time'. There is some regional variation. For example in Australia, the chase car is judged on how accurately it emulates the drift of the lead car, as opposed to being judged on its own merit, this is only taken into consideration by the judges if the lead car is on the appropriate racing line. Other variations of the tansou/tsuiso and the tansou only method is the multi-car group judging, seen in theDrift Tengoku videos where the four car team is judged in groups. Usually, drift cars are light to moderate weight rear-wheel-drive coupes and sedans over a large range of power levels. There have also been AWD rally cars that have been converted to RWD. Despite the export of Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) vehicles to continents outside Japan, drifters in other countries prefer to use local examples as drift cars. A high volume of JDM imports were brought to countries such as Australia, however it is not unusual to see Australian domestic vehicles such as the Holden Commodore or Ford Falcon utilised in drifting competitions. The American market enjoyed a relatively high volume of JDM cars being imported over the last decade, despite Japanese domestic vehicles being right-hand-drive only. Locally sold imports such as the Lexus SC and Nissan 240SX feature heavily in American drifting, however they are usually modified with JDM engine transplants to mirror their Japanese domestic equivalents (usually with a Toyota 1JZ-GTE/2JZ-GTE or Nissan CA18DET/SR20DET respectively). In the UK there are a high level of Japanese imports used within the drifting scene, due in part to the UK sharing a right hand drive layout with Japan. However these cars often command stronger premiums over UK market cars, partly due to import costs. There are plenty of UK and European models used as drift cars as well, older BMW's are particularly prominent due to cost and availability, with Volvo 300 series and Ford Sierras also proving popular.

Jumat, 06 Juli 2012

Empowerment of tourism in Karimun Java

An assignment of Tourism 1 Repetition Class, Mr. Hendro Firmawan div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Karimunjawa is an exoticism in Java Sea waters. Its natural beauty is able to hypnotize millions of pairs of eyes that visit it. Natural scenic beauty such as coral reefs, seagrass, and seagrass beds with diverse marine life, mangrove forest, mountain and lowland tropical forest remaining, all in an unspoiled stretch of islands making Karimunjawa as a Marine National Park. The islands are administratively a district of Jepara district, located about 45 miles northwest of Jepara. The total area is 107 225 hectares of territorial Karimunjawa, most of the sea (100 105 ha), land area alone is 7120 hectares. This area is influenced by a tropical sea breeze blowing all day with an average temperature of 26-30 degrees Celsius, with a minimum temperature of 22 degrees Celsius and a maximum temperature of 34 degrees Celsius. Karimunjawa archipelago located in the waters of the Java Sea is composed of 27 large and small islands. Five of them are Karimunjawa (4302.5 ha). Kemujan (1501 ha), Parang (690 ha), Mosquito (125 ha), and Genting (135 ha). Vast archipelago reached 71.2 km2 with a population of 8070 people, mostly livelihood as a fisherman. Karimunjawa society composed of many tribes in the archipelago. Among others: Javanese, Madurese, Bugis, Mandar, Bajo. They settled nearly a hundred years already, from generation to generation. Now, though not many, can still be found the remains of the original cultural roots, inherited from their ancestors. Like, the dialect of the language, marriage customs, custom home construction and so on. It certainly will help to enrich the cultural heritage of national parks Karimunjawa as marine tourism area in Indonesia. In the review of the natural wealth, the National Park offers a million Karimunjawa marine natural charm can not be doubted, even decent dipersandingkan with other maritime tourism such as Bali and Bunaken. As a Marine National Park (TNL), which established since 1988, has the potential diversity of flora Karimunjawa. Land flora consists of lowland tropical rain forest. Vegetation consists of pink, cigarette-smoking, bintangun, Walik lor, Ingas, meranti, Laban, clumps, meniran, Sentol, Gondorio and kepun. Besides, along the coast Karimunjawa, Kemujan, Big Pine, Little Pine Island sintok and there are mangrove. Other coastal plant species are ketapang, casuarina, teak sand, setigi, sea hibiscus. Whereas plants that are characteristic of dewo ndaru. Group consisting of algae green algae, brown algae and red algae. In the islands Karimunjawa also found 12 families of coral (coral). Coral reef ecosystem made up of coastal reef type (fringing reefs) and coral reef barrier (barrier reefs) and a few taka (patch reef). Species richness reached 51 genera, more than 90 hard coral. Among the most beautiful is the red coral (musica Tubipora). This coral species is suspected to have been almost extinct. On the islands there are also Karimunjawa 242 species of ornamental fish. This type of diversity richer place than Puerto Rico's renowned fish dressing but only has 49 species, Hawaii (60 species), Philippines (109 species), Singapore (32), Thailand (45 strains), Sri Lanka (165 species) , Kenya (95 species) and Ethiopia (112 species). In addition there is also a superior quality of food fish species such as yellow tail fish, bananas, grouper, red snapper, lencam, cockatoos, rabbitfish and cobs. There are also reef fish, skinned animal spines (sea cucumbers, starfish, sea urchins, sea lilies) and various species of sea turtles. Other protected marine life including goat heads, triton trumpet, nautilas hollow, stone and 6 types of game all the islands in the region kima.Hampir Karimunjawa have land and underwater scenery is beautiful and amazing. Various activities can be done include scuba diving, snorkeling, trekking, biking and fishing. Beaches on the island is also Karimunjawa beautiful stretch of white sand. Marine Tourism and Community Natural conditions Karimunjawa beautiful and charming, the course must be well managed through a system of sustainable development. The concept of development of strategic value in the management area is a marine tourism program based on ecotourism. With good planning and proper, marine tourism development based on ecotourism in national parks Karimunjawa will provide multiple benefits at once. First, the socio-economic benefits to the empowerment of communities and second, the benefits to the rescue of marine ecosystems from damage caused by exploitation. With the marine tourism program, the community involvement will be needed to support these activities. So this will give people an alternative economic resources. Thus the mindset of society that were previously only rely on fishing as a major activity in their livelihoods will be gradually shifted to the service sector and creative industries. In the service sector businesses such as opening the inn (homestay), boat rentals for fishing or just travel spree archipelago area, the tour guide (guide) and others. Meanwhile in the field of creative industries is opening up business opportunities for making various handicrafts souvenirs Karimunjawa, the opening of souvenir shops, and so on. All this in an organized and well packed will have a positive value for the empowerment of local communities. Given that productive activity is the awareness of the importance of marine conservation will also grow in line with the increase in marine tourism activities to support their economy. Due to each other and support each other in fact intertwined in a symbiotic mutualism. Nature conservation will preserve the beauty of the sea and all potentials. This potential will then become a magnet for tourists to arrive. And of these tourists will foster economic activity in turn the welfare of the community so the community will be created. In the socio-economic conditions is the relatively well-established habits of the people who tend to damage the marine ecosystem, such as catching fish using cyanide and blast fishing and coral reefs illegal encroachment would be gradually eliminated. Therefore, community activities that impact on marine damage was generally driven by economic problems. Classical reasons usually put forward by the fishermen is that the only way they can obtain maximum results. But the real underlying reason behind this all is the absence of alternative resources that they can dig to find an adequate income Therefore the concept of marine tourism is supposed to be used as an alternative solution to empower fishing communities in terms of socio-economic as well as to avoid the risk of damage to marine ecosystems are more severe. However, these efforts must also be accompanied by the development of tourism infrastructure and provide adequate supplies to local communities will be a variety of skills. For example, the skills to become a tour guide, making a variety of skills and other souvenirs. The point is that local communities can be a good host and what is needed to understand its guests. From here the tourists will feel comfortable visiting and do not hesitate to come back again So far the program Karimunjawa marine tourism park can be said to have yielded results. It can be seen that the level of tourist arrivals is still relatively low, the economic and social benefits are also felt lacking. Creative industries and service sectors of the local community has not become a promising alternative enterprises. So many people who work as fishermen to meet daily needs. In exercising this activity habits that damage the marine environment is often found, namely the use of cyanide and blast fishing are threatening coral reefs. This is certainly not to say that the program has failed Karimunjawa marine tourism. However it has not managed optimally. It takes care of all parties, especially governments from the central government as the ruling National Park, the provincial government to district governments to work harder and it should synergize. In addition it is no less important are the stakeholders and tourism businesses and the community of course. Everything should be mutually supportive so that sustainable sea will become a reality. Given today's sea of ​​damage in general we have entered a phase of considerable concern

Minggu, 10 Juni 2012

Tourism in Ponorogo East Java with Local Wisdom Inside (Larungan,Grebeg Suro,Reog Ponorogo,Ludruk)

Tourism in Ponorogo East Java with Local Wisdom Inside (Larungan,Grebeg Suro,Reog Ponorogo,Ludruk) A Softskill Task from Mr. M.Kholiq,3 SA 01 This study revealed several findings about the cultural resistance that made the traditional owners in the District Ngebel larungan Ponorogo. Framework of the study is a qualitative research approach vestehen or sociological models of understanding, which gives a deeper meaning, the relationship between the specific circumstances in which the behavior occurs. Informants in this study were the perpetrators of ritual float treatise, both structurally and culturally engaged. In addition to interviews, data in this study were collected through observation and documentary. While the methods of data analysis through the analytical description, which describes the categories that are found and emerged from the data. The major findings in this study is divided into six subjects, namely larungan history, patterns of relationships between actors float, pattern of cultural resistance, the impact of cultural resistance, the struggle between the perspectives and interests, and empowerment. In this study, the history larungan had two phases, namely before and after the institutionalized institutionalized. Before institutionalized larungan began a very long time in the form slametan, wilujengan, and has not been found when first born, who the originator, what his motives, and so on. It is likely that this phase larungan existed since the Ngebel community, as evidenced by a ritual laden with animistic spirit of dynamism. After larungan institutionalized in the form of ritual offerings float float all the components of the actors to feel involved in this larungan history, so the impact on the sustaining of which are equally strong. This new ritual larungan reap the conflict after converted into float treatise in which the perspective and interests of dominant groups into encouraging this ritual. Patterns of social relations between actors sometimes intimate and sometimes float an argument. Intimacy or harmony occurs when all components uphold togetherness, openness, and understanding in the midst of perspectives and interests of groups that appear. Contention or disharmony occurs when the "coercive" perspective or a particular interest and cheer up this larungan ritual. "Coercion" cultural ritual larungan float through childbirth 3 Minutes of the motives of people's resistance (the owner of the customary ritual in Ngebel larungan): (1) strengthening the internal identity through the coordination and consolidation of indigenous larungan fellow owners to preserve indigenous heritage of their ancestors as they are, (2 ) offset the Islamization movement of religious leaders through the float Minutes of the de-Islamization movement through the strengthening of the symbols of offerings, and (3) maintaining the stability of arousal lake tourism development in order to make it happen Ngebel become the mainstay of tourism in Ponorogo. In the dynamics of cultural resistance was found two effects, namely negative and positive. Negative impacts associated with the lack of local support for the implementation of ritual offerings float. While the positive impact of high society to bear the creativity of cultural expression through ritual larungan "counterculture", including the emergence of the procession Lampah Sewudian Ratri (walk around the lake at midnight with a torch lit thousand), which could be through the creation of this will further strengthen the charm of Lake Ngebel tour. Struggle between different perspectives and interests finally actually happens when ritual larungan Minutes turn into float. Religious leaders (Muslim) who initially had the desire to paint it the color of Islamic ritual, has unwittingly given the opportunity emergence of organic solidarity in society as well as mechanical customary owners to reinforce the messages of formal indigenous heritage of their ancestors, so that aspect of the offering raised stronger. Meanwhile, the authorities (local government) who have an interest in preserving the local culture as well as strengthening tourism development Ngebel lake, do not have the full power of moving the traditional owners of community spirit, due to its support for the movement of Islamization by the religious leaders. And on the sidelines of the struggle, there are also Muslim community "militants" who want pensikapan Ngebel larungan ritual with the activities of Islamic culture through the rational and religious events are covered in the agenda istighatsah. In the cultural struggle that it still leaves room to build openness, togetherness and understanding between the components of society (religious leaders, government, and the owner of the indigenous community), ie, the timeline is going to embody the spirit of Lake Ngebel become the mainstay of tourism in Ponorogo. Therefore, appropriate Government Ponorogo be wise to make the spirit of this being the key word that should be held all the parties, though each still has perpsektif and its own interests. Ritual larungan in Lake Ngebel, whatever the form and content, it will produce great work and provide broad benefits, understanding the logic senyampang survive and be guided by each party larungan perpetrators of this ritual. Arts and Culture in East Java East Java has a number of distinctive artistry. Ludruk is one Timuran Javanese art is very well known, the art of the stage that generally all the players are men. In contrast to ketoprak which tells the life of the palace, ludruk told the daily life of ordinary people, often spiced with humor and social criticism, and generally opened by Remo Dance and parikan. Currently traditional ludruk group can be found in Surabaya, Mojokerto and Jombang; despite getting beaten by the modernization of its existence. Reog who had claimed to be the dance of Malaysia is a typical art Society, patented since 2001, reog now also become an icon of East Javanese art. Accompanied by a horse staging reog braid (kuda lumping) are accompanied by supernatural elements. Other well-known art of East Java include Javanese shadow puppet style purwa Timuran, mask mastermind Madura, and made. In areas Mataraman, Middle Javanese arts such as puppet ketoprak and quite popular. Famous legend from East Java, among others Damarwulan and Angling Darma. Traditional dance in East Java in general can be grouped in the style of Middle Javanese, Javanese style Timuran, dance styles Osing Java, and Madura style queue. Classical dance, including dance Gambyong, srimpi dance, dance bondan, and wanderer. a. Dance Remong dance, a dance that symbolizes the spirit of Surabaya, heroism. Danced in time to welcome the guests. Reog Ponorogo, East Java is a dance that shows courage, manliness and bravery. b. Music East Javanese traditional music is similar to the Central Javanese gamelan music as sort of the barrel (scales) used the gamelan barreled and barreled slendro slendro. The names of the gamelan that exist eg toads crawling gamelan, gamelan munggang, sekaten gamelan and gamelan big. Gamelan is now used to accompany various events, such as leather puppet accompaniment, puppet people, ketoprak, dances, ceremonies sekaten, marriage, circumcision, keagaman, and even kenegaraan.Di existing Madura gamelan music called Gamelan Sandur. c. Custom home Building forms the western part of East Java (as in Ngawi, Madison, Magetan, and Ponorogo ) is generally similar to the shape of the building Middle Javanese (Surakarta). East Javanese buildings generally have joglo shape, pyramid shape (virgin gepak), form srontongan (empyak setangkep). Dutch East Indies colonial period also left a number of ancient buildings. Cities in East Java, there are many buildings built in the colonial era, especially in Surabaya and Malang. Java has a variety of beauty culture and the arts are integrated with community life. various traditional arts and cultural heritage of the works contained in the Java community as batik, home joglo, keris and gamelan. works of art and cultural heritage of Java such as these are very popular and get his own place in the hearts msyarakat and tourists visiting Yogyakarta. Want a home atmosphere with joglonya Java can be done with traditional and cultural tour in Yogyakarta. Now it has emerged that offers a large selection of day trips and local cultural properties covered in the tourist village. You must be able to enjoy the atmosphere as the Javanese village was actually karenan desawisata been combined with local wisdom that deserves your visit. d. Traditional clothing East Javanese traditional clothes called mantenan. These garments are often used during the marriage d Magetan East Java e. Crafts Various kinds of bamboo craft superior products such as: hat, hats, trays, lampshades, tissue holder, place the fruit, where newspapers and various other souvenirs from bamboo. Industrial centers are located in the Village Ringinagung + - 1.5 the southwest city of Magetan. f. Marriage East Java's population adheres to generally monogamous. Prior to the application, the men do the show nako'ake (asking if the girl already has a future husband), after it's done Peningsetan (application). The marriage ceremony was preceded by the gathering or kepanggih. To pray for the dead, usually the family to send a donga on day-1, the 3rd, the 7th, the 40th, to-100, 1 year and 3 years after death. Grebeg Suro This is one festival that you should see in Ponorogo, East Java. A festival is held each year and has become the party of the people Ponorogo. Grebeg Suro will take place at the Ponorogo on 20 to 27 November 2011. Grebeg Suro Ponorogo was held by the public to welcome the month of Suro or coinciding with the Islamic new year 1 Suro. At that time the Ponorogo’s held tirakatan around all night with the city and stopped at the Square Ponorogo. Suro Grebeg Ponorogo a tradition of cultural events in the form of Society community festival. Art and tradition displayed include the National Reog Festival, Parade and Carnival Heritage Cross History and Proceedings of Prayer at Lake Larungan Ngebel. You will see a procession to the cemetery district submission of the first heirloom Ponorogo. Then followed a parade of hundreds of people to downtown by riding a decorated horse and gig. Next there will be a National Reog Festival in the town square. At that time dozens of groups in East Java reog even from Kutai Kartanagara, Central Java, Balikpapan, and Lampung will also appear enliven this festive event. Suro Grebeg Ponorogo already done a dozen years as it is considered to have the local knowledge including symbolic value, the value of responsibility, the value of beauty, moral values, the entertainment value, cultural value, social value, economic value, value appreciation, and religious values. With the values embodied these noble it was natural Grebeg Ponorogo Suro always maintained until now by the Society.

Rabu, 27 April 2011

Biografi Enterpreneur Sukses(tugas)

Nama : Febrian Agung Budi Prastyo
TTL : Solo, 25 Februari 1984
Riwayat Pendidikan : SD 83 Mangkubumen, SMP 9 Solo, SMA 3 Solo, ITB Teknik Kimia
Prestasi Sekolah : Selalu menjadi juara kelas sejak SD hingga SMA, NEM SMP peringkat no.1 se-Solo dan no.6 se-jawa, NEM SMA peringkat no.2 se-Solo dan no. 11 Nasional
Jabatan : Presiden Direktur PT. Duta Future International (DFI), Komisaris PT Nusantarindo Agro Energi, Komisaris MQ FM.
Semakin menjamurnya pengguna telepon seluler (ponsel). Kini dimanfaatkan sebagai peluang bisnis yang menjanjikan. Hal inilah yang dilakukan Febrian Agung Budi Prastyo (25), yang kini menjabat sebagai Presiden Direktur di PT. Duta Future International (DFI) sebagai induk perusahaan dari Duta Business School (DBS) yang bergerak dalam bidang jasa isi ulang pulsa, agen pulsa elektrik dan fisik, asuransi kecelakaan, serta discount card.
Setelah sebelumnya pernah mengalami pra lepas landas dan kegagalan bisnis yang bertubi-tubi. Pria kelahiran Solo ini dibesarkan dalam keluarga sederhana, ayahnya bekerja sebagai sopir angkutan Damri di Solo. Sejak kecil Febrian memegang teguh prinsip yang ditanamkan oleh kedua orangtuanya. Kegigihan dan keyakinan itulah yang mengantarkan Febrian memutuskan untuk merantau dan menempuh pendidikan di perguruan tinggi Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) pada 2002, di jurusan Teknik Kimia.
Bagi Febrian, kedua orangtuanya merupakan motivator yang utama, baik saat ia menempuh pendidikan hingga memulai usaha. Awal kesuksesan Febrian dilakoninya pada akhir 2007. Pemilik mobil Mercy New Eyes C200, BMW, dan Toyota Fortuner ini mengaku memang tidak gampang meraih kesuksesan tanpa kerja keras. Namun motivasi dan keinginan besar telah mengantarkannya ke puncak kesuksesan.
Bakat berpidato dan berbicara di depan umum sudah dilakoni anak sulung dari tiga bersaudara ini sedari kecil. Febrian kecil sering mengisi ceramah di mesjid-mesjid. Tak hanya itu, Febrian juga pernah menjadi pemimpin rohis dikala SMP-SMA. Dimata teman-temannya, Febrian memiliki bakat dan keuletan, itu terbukti dari banyaknya kegiatan yang digelutinya seperti kelompok ilmiah remaja, taekwondo, dan sebagainya. Prestasinya pun tidak usah diragukan lagi, selama sekolah dari SD hingga SMA Febrian selalu menjadi juara kelas.
“…Febrian itu orangnya bertanggungjawab, pekerja keras, dan sederhana, ” ungkap Fanny Triana, perempuan cantik yang dinikahinya tahun 2005 lalu.
Pada tahun 2003, Febrian memutuskan untuk memulai bisnis di sela-sela kuliah. Karena kondisiperekonomian keluarga saat itu tidak memungkinkan, membuatnya terpaksa sedikit mengesampingkan kuliah dan fokus berbisnis. Walaupun sempat terbiasa dengan rutinitas layaknya mahasiswa, tetapi Febrian tetap fokus mencari peluang usaha dari jualan kaos, jaket, suplemen, hingga bisnis pulsa yang masih digelutinya hingga kini.
Pada akhir 2008, Febrian memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri dari bangku kuliah. Keputusan itu dipilihnya agar lebih fokus menjalankan bisnis tersebut.
“…itu adalah pilihan saya, tentu saya memilih dengan segala pertimbangan yang ada saat itu, tapi saya tidak merekomendasikan bagi rekan-rekan yang lain untuk melakukan hal yang sama, ” aku pria berbintang Pisces ini.
Keputusannya ini didukung seratus persen oleh keluarganya. Febrian bertekad melanjutkan perjuangannya di lapangan, meskipun tanpa menyandang gelar akademik seperti pengusaha lain pada umumnya. Menurut Febrian, orang sukses tidak ditentukan oleh latar belakang pendidikannya tetapi oleh kerja keras dan keuletan.
“Kalau pintar kita bisa belajar pada guru atau dosen, tetapi untuk meraih kesuksesan kita harus belajar pada pengusaha yang sukses, wong sepuluh orang terkaya di dunia tak punya gelar” ungkap ayah satu anak ini sambil tertawa.

Selama 2003-2005, Febrian beserta adiknya memutuskan untuk mencari penghasilan sendiri, dengan menjalankan berbagai usaha yang bersifat bisnis konvensional. Namun hasil kerja tersebut tidak membuat Febrian merasa puas, bahkan banyak usahanya merugi dan mengalami kegagalan. Hingga akhirnya Febrian memutuskan untuk menjajaki bisnis pulsa pada penghujung 2006.
Dari hasil kerjanya pada bisnis pulsa tersebut, Maret 2006 Febrian mampu membeli sebuah mobil BMW. Sayangnya, tiga bulan pertama menyicil mobil teersebut, perusahaan pulsa tersebut mengalami kebangkrutan. Sehingga Febrian harus mulai lagi bisnisnya dari nol lagi.

Dari sinilah awalmula lahirnya Duta Business School, saat Febrian memulai usahanya lagi dari nol, membuat perusahaan baru, bekerjasama dengan adiknya Randu Sekti W, besrta rekan-rekannya Andhika H.P., Margono, Satriyo B.P. Adhi, dan Dani Purnama. Kegigihan itulah yang membawanya hingga menjabat sebagai Presiden Direktur di PT. DFI.
Mengingat usaha yang dikelolanya ini semakin berkembang, dengan jumlah member yang telah mencapai angka lebih dari satu juta, menuntut Febrian untuk terus memperbaiki sistem dan pelayanan secara intensif.
Menurutnya masih ada beberapa sistem yang mesti dibenahi, agar pelayanan yang diberikan lebih baik dan memuaskan pelanggan. Misalnya sistem, website, produk, maupun contents dan server. Bahkan, bapak dari satu anak ini tidak ragu mengeluarkan uang milyaran rupiah untuk keperluan upgrade server.
Dengan kegiatan yang cukup padat, Febrian tetap menyisihkan waktunya untuk berkumpul bersama keluarga, karena baginya keluarga tetap yang utama.
Niat teguhnya untuk mencapai kesuksesan ini, didasari oleh janjinya yang pernah terucap sewaktu kecil kepada ibunya untuk menjadi orang terkaya di Solo. Semoga!

Senin, 29 November 2010

Arti & Makna Kesetiakawanan Sosial

Kesetiakawanan Sosial atau rasa solidaritas sosial adalah merupakan potensi spritual, komitmen bersama sekaligus jati diri bangsa oleh karena itu Kesetiakawanan Sosial merupakan Nurani bangsa Indonesia yang tereplikasi dari sikap dan perilaku yang dilandasi oleh pengertian, kesadaran, keyakinan tanggung jawab dan partisipasi sosial sesuai dengan kemampuan dari masing-masing warga masyarakat dengan semangat kebersamaan, kerelaan untuk berkorban demi sesama, kegotongroyongan dalam kebersamaan dan kekeluargaan.
Oleh karena itu Kesetiakawanan Sosial merupakan Nilai Dasar Kesejahteraan Sosial, modal sosial (Social Capital) yang ada dalam masyarakat terus digali, dikembangkan dan didayagunakan dalam mewujudkan cita-cita bangsa Indonesia untuk bernegara yaitu Masyarakat Sejahtera.


Sebagai nilai dasar kesejahteraan sosial, kesetiakawanan sosial harus terus direvitalisasi sesuai dengan kondisi aktual bangsa dan diimplementasikan dalam wujud nyata dalam kehidupan kita.
Kesetiakawanan sosial merupakan nilai yang bermakna bagi setiap bangsa. Jiwa dan semangat kesetiakawanan sosial dalam kehidupan bangsa dan masyarakat Indonesia pada hakekatnya telah ada sejak jaman nenek moyang kita jauh sebelum negara ini berdiri sebagai suatu bangsa yang merdeka yang kemudian dikenal sebagai bangsa Indonesia.

Jiwa dan semangat kesetiakawanan sosial tersebut dalam perjalanan kehidupan bangsa kita telah teruji dalam berbagai peristiwa sejarah, dengan puncak manifestasinya terwujud dalam tindak dan sikap berdasarkan rasa kebersamaan dari seluruh bangsa Indonesia pada saat menghadapi ancaman dari penjajah yang membahayakan kelangsungan hidup bangsa.

Sejarah telah membuktikan bahwa bangsa Indonesia mencapai kemerdekaan berkat semangat kesetiakawanan sosial yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, semangat kesetiakawanan sosial harus senantiasa ditanamkan, ditingkatkan dan dikukuhkan melalui berbagai kegiatan termasuk peringatan HKSN setiap tahunnya.

HKSN yang kita peringati merupakan ungkapan rasa syukur dan hormat atas keberhasilan seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia dalam menghadapi berbagai ancaman bangsa lain yang ingin menjajah kembali bangsa kita. Peringatan HKSN yang kita laksanakan setiap tanggal 20 Desember juga merupakan upaya untuk mengenang kembali, menghayati dan meneladani semangat nilai persatuan dan kesatuan, nilai kegotong-royongan, nilai kebersamaan, dan nilai kekeluargaan seluruh rakyat Indonesia dalam merebut kemerdekaan.

Saat ini kita tidak lagi melakukan perjuangan secara fisik untuk mengusir penjajah, namun yang kita hadapi sekarang adalah peperangan menghadapi berbagai permasalahan sosial yang menimpa bangsa Indonesia seperti kemiskinan, keterlantaran, kesenjangan sosial, konflik SARA di beberapa daerah, bencana alam (gempa bumi, gunung meletus, tsunami, kekeringan, dll), serta ketidakadilan dan masalah-masalah lainnya.

Sesuai tuntutan saat ini, dengan memperhatikan potensi dan kemampuan bangsa kita, maka peringatan HKSN ini yang merupakan pengejewantahan dari realisasi konkrit semangat kesetiakawanan sosial masyarakat. Dengan prinsip dari, oleh dan untuk masyarakat dalam pelaksanaannya memerlukan berbagai dukungan dan peran aktif dari seluruh komponen/elemen bangsa, bukan hanya tanggungjawab pemerintah saja melainkan tanggung jawab bersama secara kolektif seluruh masyarakat Indonesia.

Oleh karena itu, makna nilai kesetiakawanan sosial sebagai sikap dan perilaku masyarakat dikaitkan dengan peringatan HKSN ditujukan pada upaya membantu dan memecahkan berbagai permasalahan sosial bangsa dengan cara mendayagunakan peran aktif masyarakat secara luas, terorganisir dan berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian kesetiakawanan sosial masih akan tumbuh dan melekat dalam diri bangsa Indonesia yang dilandasi oleh nilai-nilai kemerdekaan, nilai kepahlawanan dan nilai-nilai kesetiakawanan itu sendiri dalam wawasan kebangsaan mewujudkan kebersamaan : hidup sejahtera, mati masuk surga, bersama membangun bangsa.

KESETIAKAWANAN SOSIAL SEBAGAI GERAKAN NASIONAL


Peringatan HKSN menjadi momentum yang sangat strategis sebagai upaya untuk mengembangkan dan mengimplementasikan kesetiakawanan sosial sebagai suatu gerakan nasional sesuai dengan kondisi dan tantangan jaman, kesetiakawanan sosial yang menembus baik lintas golongan dan paradaban maupun lintas SARA harus terus menggelora terimplementasi sepanjang masa, dengan demikian akan berwujud ”There is No Day Whithout Solidarity” (tiada hari tanpa kesetiakawanan sosial), kesetiakawanan sosial tidak berhenti pada harinya HKSN yang diperingati setiap tanggal 20 Desember di Tingkat Pusat, Provinsi dan Kab/Kota serta oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat berkelanjutan selamanya dan sepanjang masa.

Kesetiakawanan sosial sebagai pengejewantahan dari sikap, perilaku dan jati diri bangsa Indonesia akan dapat menjadi modal yang besar dalam mengatasi berbagai permasalahan sosial yang dihadapi bangsa ini secara bertahap untuk melakukan perbaikan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di seluruh tanah air, apabila nilai kemerdekaan, nilai kepahlawanan dan nilai kesetiakawanan itu melekat dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara.

Untuk menindaklanjuti Gerakan Nasional Kesetiakawanan Sosial, jejaring kerja, kolaborasi dengan seluruh komponen bangsa dalam hal ini masyarakat dan dunia usaha yang setara diartikannya.

KESETIAKAWANAN SOSIAL-ISLAM:

Persaudaraan Antarmanusia atau Antarmuslim?

Perbincangan di seputar kesetiakawanan atau yang juga dikenal dalam bahasa Inggris dengan sebutan solidarity, hingga kini menjadi sebuah diskusi yang masih menarik, dan ditengarai akan selalu menarik perhatian setiap anggota masyarakat, karena artipentingnya pranata sosial ini sebagai pilar penyangga bangunan harmoni sosial, di mana pun kapan pun dan bagi siapa pun

Memang tidak mudah untuk mendefinisikan makna kesetiakawanan sosial dalam konteks yang beragam. Tetapi, untuk sekadar memetakan pengertian esensialnya, kesetiakawanan adalah sebuah pranata sosial yang di dalamnya terkandung ciri-ciri penting, yaitu: kepedulian, rasa sepenanggungan, kasih sayang, kebersamaan dan ketulusan.

Sejumlah tantangan kompleks yang muncul, termasuk potensi konflik yang ditimbulkan oleh dorongan ego setiap manusia, yang pada saatnya bisa menjebak mereka menjadi manusia-manusia yang tidak peduli terhadap kepentingan orang lain, karena menganggap yang terpenting adalah dirinya. Sedang orang lain baru dianggap (menjadi) penting karena berpotensi “menguntungkan” bagi dirinya. Oleh karena itu, untuk membangun kesetiakawanan sosial, setiap orang, sebagai anggota mansyarakat, dituntut untuk memiliki kepedulian dan ketenggangrasaan terhadap orang lain, dan bahkan menganggap orang lain sebagai entitas yang penting, sepenting dirinya.

Dalam merespon wacana kesetiakawanan (sosial) tersebut, kita (umat Islam) bisa mengajak dialog dengan al-Quran, sebagaimana nasihat Ali bin Abi Thalib terhadap para sahabatnya: istanthiq al-Quran, yang ternyata menurut M. Quraish Shihab – dalam bukunya yang berjudul “Wawasan al-Quran”, tersirat dalam gagasan “ukhuwwah”.

Kajian mengenai ukhuwah (Ar.: Ukhuwwah), dalam pandangan M. Quraish Shihab, dewasa ini menjadi dianggap memiliki arti penting, karena adanya fenomena yang sangat meresahkan: sinyal-sinyal menuju “disintegrasi sosial”. Banyak orang mempertanyakan: “sejauhmana peran Islam di dalamnya?” Di sini, Islam menawarkan gagasan “ukhuwah Islamiyah”. Bukan sekadar penjelasan normatif, tetapi sampai pada solusi atas problem sosial yang sudah pernah, sedang dan akan dialami oleh umat manusia secara kongkret.

Kata Ukhuwah (ukhuwwah) yang biasa diartikan sebagai “persaudaraan”, terambil dari akar kata yang pada mulanya berarti “memperhatikan”. Makna asal ini memberi kesan bahwa persaudaraan mengharuskan adanya perhatian semua pihak yang merasa bersaudara.

Boleh jadi, perhatian itu pada mulanya lahir karena adanya persamaan di antara pihak-pihak yang bersaudara, sehingga makna tersebut kemudian berkembang, dan pada akhirnya ukhuwah diartikan sebagai “setiap persamaan dan keserasian dengan pihak lain, baik persamaan keturunan, dari segi ibu, bapak, atau keduanya, maupun dari segi persusuan”. Secara majazi kata ukhuwah (persaudaraan) mencakup persamaan salah satu unsur seperti suku, agama, profesi, dan perasaan. Dalam kamus-kamus bahasa Arab ditemukan bahwa kata akh yang membentuk kata ukhuwwah digunakan juga dengan arti “teman akrab” atau “sahabat”.

Ukhuwah Islamiyah, dalam pandangan M. Quraish Shihab, lebih tepat dimaknai sebagai ukhuwah yang bersifat Islami atau yang diajarkan oleh Islam. Telah dikemukakan pula beberapa ayat yang mengisyaratkan bentuk atau jenis “persaudaraan” yang disinggung oleh al-Quran. Semuanya dapat disimpulkan bahwa kitab suci ini memperkenalkan paling tidak empat macam persaudaraan: (1) Ukhuwwah ‘ubûdiyyah atau saudara kesemakhlukan dan kesetundukan kepada Allah. (2) Ukhuwwah insâniyyah (basyariyyah) dalam arti seluruh umat manusia adalah bersaudara, karena mereka semua berasal dari seorang ayah dan ibu. (3) Ukhuwwah wathaniyyah wa an-nasab, yaitu persaudaraan dalam keturunan dan kebangsaan. (4) Ukhuwwah fi dîn al-Islâm, persaudaraan antarsesama Muslim.

M. Quraish Shihab – dalam rangkaian tulisannya – menyatakan bahwa keberadaan manusia sebagai makhluk sosial, perasaan tenang dan nyaman pada saat berada di antara sesamanya, dan dorongan kebutuhan ekonomi merupakan faktor-faktor penunjang yang akan melahirkan rasa persaudaraan. Islam datang menekankan hal-hal tersebut, dan menganjurkan mencari titik-singgung dan titik-temu persaudaraan. Jangankan terhadap sesama Muslim, terhadap non-Muslim pun demikian.

Guna memantapkan ukhuwah tersebut, pertama kali al-Quran menggarisbawahi bahwa perbedaan adalah hukum yang berlaku dalam kehidupan ini. Selain perbedaan tersebut merupakan kehendak Ilahi, juga demi kelestarian hidup, sekaligus demi mencapai tujuan kehidupan makhluk di pentas bumi. Seandainya Tuhan menghendaki kesatuan pendapat, niscaya diciptakan-Nya manusia tanpa akal budi seperti binatang atau benda-benda tak bernyawa yang tidak memiliki kemampuan memilah dan memilih, karena hanya dengan demikian seluruhnya akan menjadi satu pendapat.

Dari sini, seorang Muslim dapat memahami adanya pandangan atau bahkan pendapat yang berbeda dengan pandangan agamanya, karena semua itu tidak mungkin berada di luar kehendak Ilahi. Kalaupun nalarnya tidak dapat memahami kenapa Tuhan berbuat demikian, kenyataan yang diakui Tuhan itu tidak akan menggelisahkan atau mengantarkannya “mati”, atau memaksa orang lain secara halus maupun kasar agar menganut pandangan agamanya,

Untuk menjamin terciptanya persaudaraan dimaksud, Allah SWT. memberikan beberapa petunjuk sesuai dengan jenis persaudaraan yang diperintahkan. Pada kesempatan ini, akan dikemukakan petunjuk-petunjuk yang berkaitan dengan persaudaraan secara umum dan persaudaraan seagama Islam.

Pertama, untuk memantapkan persaudaraan secara umum, Islam memperkenalkan konsep “khalîfah”. Manusia diangkat oleh Allah sebagai khalifah. Kekhalifahan menuntut manusia untuk memelihara, membimbing, dan mengarahkan segala sesuatu agar mencapai maksud dan tujuan penciptaannya. Karena itu, Nabi s.a.w.. melarang umatnya untuk memetik buah sebelum siap untuk dimanfaatkan, memetik bunga sebelum mekar, atau menyembelih binatang yang terlalu kecil. Beliau juga mengajarkan agar selalu bersikap bersahabat dengan smua makhluk Allah. Meminjam pernyataan M. Quraish Shihab, al-Quran tidak mengenalkan istilah “penaklukan alam”, karena secara tegas al-Quran menyatakan bahwa yang menaklukkan alam untuk manusia adalah Allah. Secara tegas pula seorang Muslim diajar untuk mengakui bahwa ia tidak mempunyai kekuasaan untuk menundukkan sesuatu kecuali atas penundukan Ilahi.

Kedua, untuk mewujudkan persaudaraan antarpemeluk agama, Islam memperkenalkan ajaran toleransi antarumat beragama. Al-Quran juga menganjurkan agar mencari titik-singgung dan titik-temu antarpemeluk agama. Al-Quran menganjurkan agar dalam interaksi sosial, bila tidak ditemukan persamaan hendaknya masing-masing mengakui keberadaan pihak lain, dan tidak perlu saling menyalahkan. Bahkan al-Quran mengajarkan kepada Nabi s.a.w. dan umatnya untuk bersikap toleran kepada penganut agama lain, setelah “kalimatun sawâ’ (titik-temu)” tidak dicapai. Jalinan persaudaraan antara seorang Muslim dan non-Muslim sama sekali tidak dilarang oleh Islam, selama pihak lain menghormati hak-hak umat Islam.

Ketiga, untuk memantapkan persaudaraan antarsesama Muslim, al-Quran pertama kali menggarisbawahi perlunya menghindari segala macam sikap yang dapat mengeruhkan hubungan di antara mereka. Setelah menyatakan bahwa orang-orang yang beriman bersaudara, dan memerintahkan untuk melakukan ishlâh (perbaikan hubungan) jika seandainya terjadi kesalahpahaman di antara dua orang (kelompok) kaum Muslim, al-Quran memberikan contoh-contoh penyebab keretakan hubungan sekaligus melarang setiap Muslim melakukannya. Dalam hal ini Allah mengingatkan kepada setiap orang yang beriman untuk menghindari prasangka buruk, tidak mencari-cari kesalahan orang lain, serta menggunjing, yang diibaratkan oleh al-Quran seperti memakan daging-saudara sendiri yang telah meninggal dunia.

Untuk memantapkan ukhuwah Islamiyah, yang dibutuhkan bukan sekadar penjelasan segi-segi persamaan pandangan agama, atau sekadar toleransi mengenai perbedaan pandangan, melainkan yang lebih penting lagi adalah langkah-langkah bersama yang dilaksanakan oleh umat, sehingga seluruh umat merasakan nikmatnya.

Implementasi konsep ukhuwah — dalam pandangan al-Quran — memerlukan kesadaran setiap orang untuk bersinergi, dan tidak mungkin akan terwujud di ketika setiap orang – dalam bangunan sosial – menerjemahkannya dalam bentuk sikap anergis.

Manifestasi solidaritas sosial Islam dalam bentuk “persaudaraan antarmanusia” ini telah dicontohkan dengan gemilang oleh Nabi s.a.w. dan para sahabatnya. Dalam bentuk saling menolong oleh siapa pun kepada siapa pun. Sebagai wujud kesadaran untuk mengamalkan pesan moral-universal al-Quran.

Sabtu, 02 Oktober 2010

Evaluasi Sosial Dasar(Sosiologi)

6.2 Evaluasi

1.Jelaskan pengertian sosiologi menurut pandangan saudara,berdasarkan pendapat-pendapat tentang sosiologi dari beberapa pendapat pakar sosiologi yang telah kalian pelajari?

Jawab : Sosiologi termasuk kelompok ilmu-ilmu social yang disebut juga sebagai ilmu kemasyarakatan dan termasuk ilmu yang masih muda usianya dan beberapa pakar memberikan definisi tentang sosiologi sebagai berikut :
a. Roucek dan Warren mengatakan bahwa sosiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antara manusia dengan kelompok-kelompok.
b. William F. Ogburn dan Meyer F. nimkoff mengatakan bahwa sosiologi adalah penelitian secara ilmiah terhadap interaksi social dan hasilnya yaitu organisasi social.
c. Pitirim A. Sorokin mengatakan bahwa sosiologi adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajari :
- Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara aneka macam gejala-gejala sosial
-Hubungan dan pengaruh timbal balik antara aneka macam gejala-gejala sosial
dan nonsosial, misalnya gejala geografis,gejala biologis, dan sebagainya
- ciri-ciri umum dari semua jenis gejala-gejala social

2.Jelaskan mengapa sosiologi di kategorikan dalam kelompok ilmu sosial?

Jawab : karena sosiologi adalah ilmu social yang murni,abstrak,rasional,dan empiris,bersifat umum serta berusaha mencari pengertian umum.

3.Jelaskan perbedaan bahasan antara sosiologi dengan ekonomi,atau ilmu politik yang juga termasuk di dalam lingkup ilmu-ilmu sosial?

Jawab : perbedaan antara sosiologi dengan ekonomi karena pada hakikatnya ilmu ekonomi mempelajari usaha-usaha manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan material dari bhn-bahan yang terbatas ketersediaannya.
Dan jika ilmu politik yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari satu sisi kehidupan masyarakat yang menyangkut soal kekuasaan,yakni upaya memperoleh kekuasaan,mempertahankan kekuasaan,penggunaan kekuasaan,bagaimana menghambat penggunaan kekuasaan,dan sebagainya.

4.Sebut dan jelaskan empat sifat dari ilmu pengetahuan secara terperinci .

Jawab : Logis atau masuk akal, yaitu sesuai dengan logika atau aturan berpikir yang ditetapkan dalam cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang bersangkutan. Definisi, aturan, inferensi induktif, probabilitas, kalkulus, dll. merupakan bentuk logika yang menjadi landasan ilmu pengetahuan. Logika dalam ilmu pengetahuan adalah definitif. Obyektif atau sesuai dengan fakta. Fakta adalah informasi yang diperoleh dari pengamatan atau penalaran fenomena.
Obyektif dalam ilmu pengetahuan berkenaan dengan sikap yang tidak tergantung pada suasana hati, prasangka atau pertimbangan nilai pribadi. Atribut obyektif mengandung arti bahwa kebenaran ditentukan oleh pengujian secara terbuka yang dilakukan dari pengamatan dan penalaran fenomena.
Sistematis yaitu adanya konsistensi dan keteraturan internal. Kedewasaan ilmu pengetahuan dicerminkan oleh adanya keteraturan internal dalam teori, hukum, prinsip dan metodenya. Konsistensi internal dapat berubah dengan adanya penemuan-penemuan baru. Sifat dinamis ini tidak boleh menghasilkan kontradiksi
Akumulatif. Ilmu pengetahuan merupakan himpunan fakta, teori, hukum, dll. yang terkumpul sedikit demi sedikit. Apabila ada kaedah yang salah, maka kaedah itu akan diganti dengan kaedah yang benar. Kebenaran ilmu bersifat relatif dan temporal, tidak pernah mutlak dan final, sehingga dengan demikian ilmu pengetahuan bersifat dinamis dan terbuka.


5.Obyek dari sosiologi adalah masyarakat.Coba jelaskan masyarakat dari sudut pandang yang bagaimana yang menjadi obyek dari sosiologi?

Jawab : Salah satu contohnya yaitu masyarakat yang modern.
Tanda-tanda masyarakat modern ialah tumbuhnya ilmu pengetahuan baru dan adanya kemampuan manusia dalam memahami rahasia alam yang semakin meningkat dan dapat menerapkan pengetahuan dalam berbagai kegiatan.

6.Masyarakat sebagai suatu system yang terwujud dari kehidupan bersama manusia,tentunya memiliki ciri-ciri pokok agar dapat di sebut sebagai suatu masyarakat.sebutkan ciri-ciri pokok dari masyarakat tersebut?

Jawab : sekelompok manusia dapat dikatakan sebagai sebuah masyarakat apabila memiliki pemikiran, perasaan, serta sistem/aturan yang sama. Dengan kesamaan-kesamaan tersebut, manusia kemudian berinteraksi sesama mereka berdasarkan kemaslahatan.

7.Untuk mempelajari objeknya,sosiologi memiliki metode-metode atau cara kerja yang dapat di pakai,di antaranya adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif.Jelaskan kedua metode tersebut,serta bagaimana penerapannya untuk mempelajari sosiologi?

Jawab : Metode kualitatif mengutamakan cara kerja dengan menjabarkan hasil penelitian berdasarkan penilaian dan pemaknaan terhadap data yang diperoleh.
Metode kualitatif ada 2 macam yaitu metode historis dan metode komparatif.
a.metode historis merupakan penelitian yang analisis datanya didasarkan pada peristiwa-peristiwa masa lampau untuk mengetahui kejadian saat ini.
b.metode komparatif adalah penelitian dengan membandingkan antara kondisi masyarakat satu dengan yang lain,dengan maksud untuk mengethui perbedaan dan persamaan,disamping untuk mengetahui sebab-sebab terjadinya kondisi masyarakat yang demikian.

Metode kuantitatif adalah cara penelitian yang dalam analisis datanya mengutamakan keterangan berdasarkan angka-angka. Gejala yang diteliti dan diukur dengan skala,indeks,table,atau formula-formula tertentu yang cenderung menggunakan uji statistik.

8.Metode fungsionalisme juga sering di gunakan oleh sosiologi,mengapa metode ini di gunakan oleh sosiologi?

Jawab: karena metode fungsional bertujuan untuk meneliti kegunaan lembaga-lembaga kemasyarakatan dan struktur social dalam masyarakat.

Selasa, 11 Mei 2010

Resensi novel sekigahara

S E K I G A H A R A

Perang Besar Penentu Pemimpin Jepang

Judul Buku : Sekigahara : Perang Besar Penentu Pemimpin Jepang

Kategori : Fiksi

ISBN : 978-979-1032-29-2

Ukuran : 13.5 X 20.5 Cm

Halaman : 224 halaman

Cover : Soft Cover

Penerbit : Penerbit BukuKatta

Terbit : 2010

Harga : Rp.33.300

Penulis buku ini, Dozi Swandana, sangat mengenal sekali tokoh-tokoh sejarah Jepang. Hal ini bisa dilihat dari caranya mengisahkan cerita fiksi dalam buku ini yang mengesankan seolah-olah kita sedang membaca cerita sejarah Jepang yang sesungguhnya. Pria kelahiran Surabaya yang lahir tepat di hari pahlawan tesebut memang sangat menyukai kultur Jepang. Ia begitu pandai mengolah latar belakang sejarah Jepang menjadi kisah fiksi heroik yang menarik. Tentu saja ia pantas melakukannya, mengingat latar belakang pendidikannya sebagai lulusan terbaik Sastra Jepang Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 dengan nilai IPK tertinggi.

Novel bersampul merah, bergambar seorang panglima perang, lengkap dengan baju kebesarannya yang sedang menghunus pedang, dengan latar belakang suasana pertempuran sudah menggoda kita untuk membacanya. Buku yang terdiri dari 9 bab tersebut banyak mengupas riwayat berdirinya dinasti Shogun Tokugawa sampai terjadinya pertempuran besar Sekigahara. Membaca buku ini serasa kita masuk ke abad 15 dengan latar budaya Jepang, lengkap dengan berbagai intrik politik, tipu daya dan kekuasaan para klan yang berkuasa.

Pada tiga bab awal, pembaca akan disuguhi latar belakang sejarah awal terjadinya pertempuran Sekigahara, jauh sebelum pertempuran itu terjadi. Hal ini dimulai dengan kehadiran Oda Nobunaga, seorang bushi dan daimyo yang begitu kuat dan haus kekuasaan. Bahkan ia harus tega menghabiskan siapa saja yang menjadi penghalangnya, termasuk memenggal kepala adiknya sendiri, Nobuyuki, yang ditunjuk almarhum ayahnya sebagai penerus klan Oda Nobuhide. Berkat keberanian dan kecerdikannya, Nobunaga dibantu tangan kanannya, Toyotomi Hideyoshi , berhasil menguasai sebagian besar wilayah Jepang dengan kecerdikan dan kekuatan pedangnya.

Kekuasaan dan kejayaan tak ada yang abadi, begitu pula nasib yang menimpa Oda Nobunaga. Ia dikalahkan dalam sebuah pertempuran yang tidak seimbang, akibat jebakan maut yang sudah direncanakan anak buahnya sendiri, Akechi Mitsuhide, yang mengkhianatinya. Ia akhirnya menelan pil pahit dan terpaksa melakukan seppuku dihadapan Akechi Mitsuhide yang kerap kali dihinanya tersebut.

Sepeninggal Oda Nobunaga, kekuasaan berpindah ke tangan Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Tangan kanan Nobunaga ini berhasil menumpas pemberontakan Akechi Mitsuhide sekaligus membunuhnya melalui pedangnya sendiri. Banyak konflik yang harus diselesaikan Hideyoshi sejak kematianl tuannya tersebut, termasuk harus berperang dengan rekannya sendiri Shibata Katsuie yang tidak sependapat dengannya mengenai siapa yang pantas menggantikan Oda Nobunaga. Perseteruan yang berlangsung dengan peperangan tersebut dimenangkan oleh Hideyoshi, sedangkan Katsuie harus rela mengakhiri sendiri hidupnya dengan melakukan seppuku.

Kejayaan Toyotomi Hideyoshi juga tidak berlangsung lama. Sejak menyerang Jasoen pada tahun 1597, ia terserang penyakit yang berbahaya. Menyadari kalau hidupnya akan berakhir, ia menunjuk Tokugawa Ieyasu dan anaknya yang masih kecil, Toyotomi Hideyori sebagai pelaksana tugas sehari-hari. Pada tanggal 18 September 1598 Hideyoshi menghembuskan nafasnya yang terakhir di istana Fushimi.

Sejak kematian Hideyoshi, timbul perpecahan dikalangan anggota Go Tairo (Dewan Lima Menteri Senior). Mereka tidak sependapat mengenai siapa yang pantas berkuasa meneruskan pengganti Hideyoshi. Perseteruan keras terjadi antara Maeda Toshiie melawan Tokugawa Ieyasu yang menyebabkan salah seorang anggota Go Tairo tewas karena berusaha melerai pertikaian keduanya.

Secara diam-diam, Tokugawa Ieyasu berhasil menghasut Maeda Toshinaga yang tak lain adalah anak kandung Maeda Toshiie untuk membunuh ayahnya sendiri. Perbuatan ini bisa berhasil lantaran iming-iming hadiah yang dijanjikan Tokugawa terhadapnya. Kematian Maeda Toshiie yang misterius ternyata tidak membuat pertikaian tersebut berakhir, bahkan semakin menjadi bertambah runcing. Hal ini disebabkan adanya pengikut Hideyoshi lainnya yaitu Ishida Mitsunari yang juga sama-sama sebagai anggota Go Tairo. Mitsunari tidak sepaham dengan sepak terjang Tokugawa Ieyasu selama ini yang cenderung arogan dan otoriter. Perseteruan inilah yang kelak melahirkan pertempuran besar Sekigahara.

Pada tanggal 15 September 1600 Ishida Mitsunari secara resmi menantang Tokugawa Ieyasu yang dianggapnya diktator dan memerintah dengan tangan besi untuk bertempur dengannya di lembah Sekigahara, distrik Fuwa, Provinsi Mino, Jepang. Itulah sebabnya pertempuran yang sangat menentukan siapa penguasa yang paling berjaya dan pantas berkuasa selanjutnya disebut sebagai pertempuran Sekigahara atau dikenal juga dengan istilah Tenka Wakeme no Tatakai.

Siapa sajakah orang-orang yang berpihak ke masing-masing kubu dalam pertempuran sekigahara ? Siapa sesungguhnya Ishida Mitsunari yang begitu berani melawan Tokugawa Ieyasu yang terkenal kejam dan haus kekuasaan ? Siapa sajakah pihak-pihak yang ketika terjadi pertempuran justru berkhianat dan membelot ke kubu lawannya ? Bagaimana pula akhir dari pertempuran sekigahara yang dahsyat tersebut ? Siapakah yang keluar sebagai pemenangnya ? Bagaima pula nasib pihak-pihak yang kalah dalam pertempuran tersebut, apakah mereka diampuni atau justru dihukum mati ?

Anda mau tahu jawabannya ? Silahkan cari dan dapatkan buku terbitan penerbit bukukatta yang dahsyat tersebut di seluruh jaringan toko buku Gramedia, Gunung Agung dan toko buku klainnya di kota Anda.

Selamat membaca dan semoga terhibur !